IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


^  m 


1.4 


2.5 


2.2 


1^ 

1^    ill  10 


1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corpordtion 


33  WIST  Ni/*'"  STP'ST 

WIBSTBR,  NY.  145aC 

(716)  873-4503 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  ie  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normala  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagde 


Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicul^e 


I      I    Cover  title  missing/ 


Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

n    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

n    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur^es  et/ou  pellicul^es 

r~)^ Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
LJlI    Pages  d6color6es,  tachetdes  ou  piqu6es 


n 


Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


□    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


□    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d6tach6es 

r~rj/Showthrough/ 
I   M  Transparence 

I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  indgale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppl^mentaire 


D 


D 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serr6e  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intdrieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout6es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte. 
mais,  lorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmies. 


D 
D 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6x6  filmdes  t  nouveau  de  fapon  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


D 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires; 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  filmA  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqui  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


v/ 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 


L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
gin^rositA  de: 


Entomology  ResMrch  Library 
Agriculture  Canada 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


BiUiothdque  de  recherche  entomologique 
Agriculture  Canada 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  M  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  \n  condition  et 
de  la  nettet6  de  I'exemplaire  film6.  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
tilmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimte  sont  fiimAs  en  commen^ant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration.  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmte  en  common^ant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  ^^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED ").  or  the  symbol  Y  (meaning  "END  "), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  Atre 
filmAs  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  11  est  filmt  A  partir 
de  Tangle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

^:^ 


BOSTON  SOCIETY  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY; 


VOLUME  IV,  NUMBER  III. 


THE  INTRODUCTION  AND  SPREAD  OF  PIERIS  RAl'AE 
IN  NORTH  AMERICA,  1800-188^ 


Bj  SAMUKL  H.  SCUDnKU. 


i^lKa 


BOSTON : 

rjBL^IirCD  BY  TUB  •OCIliTV. 
yEl'TICMBKH,   ^SJT. 


LIBRARY 

DEPARTMENT  OF 
ACiRICUUURE 


mx- 


e..^r- 


1'^ 


.li-iWii.afri^^" 


i 


k 


III.      TlIK    TnTKODUCTIOX    AM)   Sl'RKAI)   OV  PlKKlS   UAVAK  fX  NoKTIl  A-MKltlCA, 

1800-1880.    With  a  Map  (I'latk  8). 
By  Samuki.  II.  ScuDDKii. 

(U.'iul  Miiy  1,  1887.) 


XT  is  woll  known  that  the  difTi'i-cnl  vacv»  of  nun  Inwo  not  alwiiys  occnpiod  tho  regions 
■\vhioh  tlicy  now  inlial)it,  bnt  tliat  IVoni  tlio  carlii'.st  times  one  wave  of  migi'ation  has  lol- 
lowcd  another,  in  a  manner  tliat  has  proved  very  perph'xing-  to  tlie  ethnologist  attem[)t- 
in^  to  follow  them.  That  the  lower  animals  also  have  had  their  migrations  has  been 
frequently  proved  by  the  ocetn-renee  of  their  remains  in  regions  where  they  are  not  now 
found.  Soenlar  ehange  of  elimate  has  been  the  great  moving  cause  of  most  of  the 
migrations  of  which  we  have  any  knowledge,  with  the  single  exception  of  the  inlhienee 
of  man,  and  particularly  of  civilized  man;  he  is  everywhere  upsetting  the  arrangements 
of  nature,  directly  or  indirectly  extei-minating  all  forms  which  cannot  endure  his  i)res- 
enee  or  withstand  the  baleful  influences  which  follow  in  his  train.  To  minister  to  his 
Avants,  for  instance,  he  brings  into  a  new  region  a  ])lant  fori-ign  to  its  soil  that  he  may 
have  the  fruit  ready  to  his  hand.  Without  the  natural  hindrances  which  prevent  iis 
supremacy  in  its  native  home,  it  thrives  so  vigorously,  if  otherwise  ada[)ted  to  the  place*, 
as  to  supplant  the  natural  denizens  of  the  soil;  these  are  supporting  numerous  animaN, 
which  in  their  turn  suffer. 

So  it  has  doubtless  been  in  all  aj^es  (*f  the  world,  where  by  any  of  the  nndtifarious 
means  which  nature  employs  she  has  hei'self  upset  the  balance'  she  had  established,  by 
bringing  into  a  flora  or  a  fauna  somi'  new  eleuient,  from  without.  liwU-ed.  the  history 
of  animal  and  ])lant  life  has  been  a  story  of  colonization.  Any  one  who  has  observed 
the  I'apidity  wilh  which  weeds  spi'cad  ovei*  new  countries,  has  read  of  the  rabbit  nui- 
sance in  Austi'alia  or  seen  the  sparrow  nuisance  in  America,  will  comprehend  what  a 
force  colonization  may  have  been.  It  Avas  closely  linked  no  doubt  with  the  introduc- 
tion of  new  types  in  past  ages  of  the  world. 

The  measurement  of  the  spread  of  a  newly  introduced  s))eciea  lias  rarely  been  at- 
teni])ted.  Indeed,  in  the  nature  of  things  it  could  scarcely  ever  be  made  except  under 
circumstances  which  may  fairly  be  deemed  artificial,  /.  < .,  in  countries  toli-rably  well 
settled   with  people  intelligt-iit  enough  to  report  accurately.     Karely,  too,  is  the  date  of 

MBMOMll  II08TON  8O0.  NAT.  HIST.,  VOI,.  n  .  8  (^'i) 


.caMLJliPf'- 


'^mtmM^-' 


,»,-." 


[ 


54 


SAMUKL  II.  SCUDDKR  ON  THE  SPREAD 


mi 


iiifrodtiftioii  known.  Yot  as  this  cniild  hv  Mpproxiniiitfly  detonnined  for  the  European 
cabhagt'  biitli-rlly  recently  iniportt'd  into  this  (country,  anil  as  by  its  ravages  of  aeonniion 
garden  erop  it  would  make  itself  known  by  the  daniaj^e  it  did  and  so  force  itself  ni)on 
observation,  it  seemed  a  favorable  opportunity  tf)  consider  this  question,  which  should 
not  be  missed;  it  was  believed  indeed  that  the  correct  measure  of  its  spread  might  have 
some  import  for  future  investigation,  and  pei'haps  its  U'sson  for  him  who  would  design- 
edly introduce  a  new  creature  without  regard  to  its  relations  to  other  animals. 

As  the  insect  has  already  crossed  half  the  continent,  the  time  has  certaiidy  ai'rived 
to  make  the  necessary  in(piiri(>s.  Every  one  now  knows  that  it  has  come  to  stay  and 
little  attention  is  given  to  its  movements.  Most  of  those  who  observed  it  on  its  fiist  ad- 
vent can  still  answer  questions  regarding  its  appearance  by  the  aid  of  notes  taken  at  the 
time,  which  later  might  not  be  possible.  Accordiiigly,  last  autuimi,  [  issued  a  circular  to 
over  six  hundred  persons  in  dilferent  parts  of  the  country  with  the  inquiry:  "In  what 
year,  to  your  jjcrsonal  knowledge,  did  Pieris  rapae  first  appear  in  your  vicinity?"  and 
asking  also  ior  any  published  data  upon  the  matter.  To  this  incpiiry  more  than  two 
hundred  replies  were  I'cceived  and  from  them,  from  the  notes  I  had  previously  made  based 
on  special  wiitten  incpiiries  in  1809  and  1870,  and  from  various  publications,  the  follow- 
ing account  is  drawn  up. 

The  butterfly  was  fii-st  noticed  in  Canada  and  the  actual  hist(k.'y  <»f  our  knowledge  of 
its  first  appearance  there  is  as  follows: — Mr.  Wni.  ("ouper,  a  taxidermist  and  geneial 
collector,  addicted  especially  to  Lipidoptera  and  a  good  observer,  living  in  Que- 
bec, first  captmvd  a  few  si)ecimens  in  18(50  in  the  inunediate  vicinity  of  that  city; 
he  then  looked  upon  the  insect  as  a  great  rarity,  and  indigenous  to  Canada.  In  ISni}  a 
new  collector  apj)eared  in  (^uelu'c,  Mr.  (».  »!.  Howies,  who.  capturing  it  and  fhiding  no 
such  insect  desci'ibed  in  American  woi'ks,  applii-d  to  ^[r.  Coiiper,  only  to  discover  him 
equally  at  a  loss.  Mr.  IJowles  tlu'U  wi'ote  to  Mr.  Wm.  Saunders  of  Lond<in,  Ontario,  and 
to  myself,  and  we  both  assured  him  that  it  wastlu'  l']uropean  insect.  Mr.  Howies' letter 
to  me  bore  date  Dec.  2)3,  ISO.'}.'  In  April  and  .Inly  1S()4,  these  gentlemen  read  papers 
before  local  societies,  both  of  wiruli  wvvv  publisjied  in  whole  or  in  pai'f  f  from  these 
we  learn  that  in  180)}  the  butterfly  was  very  connnon  and  destructive  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  (Quebec  ami  at  Laval  fifteen  miles  north,  and  had  extendi'd  thirty  miles  to  the 
northwest  along  the  north  shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  though  they  had  not  I)eeu  noticed 
beyond  Point  Levis  on  the  south,  nor  taken  at  St.  uVnne's  on  the  south  shore  of  the  Sf. 
Lawrence,  seventy  miU's  down  the  river,  "where  a  collector  of  Li-pidoptera  resided." 
From  what  we  know  of  the  rapidity  with  which  a  singU'  pair  may  propagate  without 
hindrance  from  parasites,  we  may  conclude  almost  with  certainly  that  it  was  introduced  in 
till'  early  part  of  1800.  (»r  at  the  earliest,  at  the  vi-ry  close  of  18.")!>.  Owing,  apparently,  to 
^Ir.  Howies' paper  published  in  the  Canadian  Naturalist  in  1801,  in  which  he  fixes  the 
])eriod  of  its  introduction  to  Quebec  "at  alK)Ut  seven  or  eight  years  ago,"  it  has  been 
generally  sjxdvcn  of  as  introduced  "in  IS.If)  or  18.')7."  Hut  Mr.  Bowles  has  allowed  more 
time  than  is  necessai'y,  and  I'ecords  do  not  go  back  of  1800. 


1860. 


1863. 


'  S()('cliiu'n,s  wci'i'  also  split  to  W.  11.  IvUviirds  in  Dec.  'M-'or  Mr.  Howies' paper  see  nibllogrnpliy.     Mr.  Coiiper's 

IHtlL',  bill  sccin  not  to  liiivc  hern  nollccd  liy  liliii.  iippi'MPs  Iti  Imvc  I)im-ii  piilillslicil  only  by  eNlriict  in   lHil7  by 

AU'.  Ullclilt',  Viiii.  .\\(t.  n.  .s.  ;i:  2U. 


^^rK. 


I 


OF  PIKUIS   UAl'AK   IN   NORTH    AMKUICA. 


55 


desigii- 


Followiiij?  tlu'  roport  <»f  >[r.  Coiipfr  of  its  disti-ihiition  in  ISO.'},  we  linvi'  at  first  htit 
Kcanty  iiironnatiou  conceniiii'i^  its  sprt'jul  in  Canada,  ('apt.  (iainhlc  (icddi's  of  Toroiitf) 
states  tliat  lu'  first  took  it  "about  18(54,  about  uini-ty  miles  ix'Iow  (Quebec;  vviii'ii  ^  ,  „. 
brougitt  it  back  aud  sbowed  it  to  Professoi-  FowUt,  tlien  conni'cted  with  the  \af- 
ural  history  society  of"  AFontri-al,  he  assured  uu'  it  was  cpiite  the  first  that  had  l»een 
taken."'  Tiiis  fixes  the  date  of  capture  as  ln-fore  the  publication  (in  ^Fontieal)  of  Mr. 
Howies"  paper  and  indicates  that  in  18(54,  thi'  insect  had  spread  to  Murray  Bay,  ninety 
miles  l)ei<»w  (Quebec  on  the  nortii  shoi  ■  of  the  St.  Lawrenci-. 

In  18(5(5  begins  our  first  cousidci-abh'  knowh-dge  of  the  spread  of  tiu'  l)utterfly,  as  it 
has  reached  more  populous  districts.  Mr.  Win.  Saundei's,  on  an  excursion  to  the  Sague- 
nay  (("an.  Ent.  1,  11),  found  it  at  (  acouna  opi»osite  and  a  little  al)ove  the  mouth    ,    „ 

'  1  fin  A 

of  the  river  and  at  lla  Ila  Hav  at  the  head  of  steamboat  naviy'ation  on  the 
Saguenay,  as  well  as  all  the  way  to  Chicoutinii,  twelve  miles  further  up  the  river;  it  was 
not,  howi'vei",  found  at  '^I'adousac  at  the  mouth  of  the  Saguenay.  We  know  by  its  sub- 
se(pient  record  thiu  it  nuist  have  spread  westward  and  especially  southward  by  18(5(5,  and 
it  was  indeed  taken  at  lirome  townsliiji  within  a  dozen  miles  of  the  Vermont  border  by 
theKev.  T.  AV.  Fyles.  Dr.  (i.  Dinunock,  writing  later  in  the  N.  K.  Homestead  (Vol.  Ill, 
No.  4(5,  Mar.  '2~),  1871),  speaks  of  it  as  found  this  \  car  also  in  northern  New  Hampshire 
and  Vermont,  but  vithout  specification,  and  Dr.  •!.  (".  Meri'ill  reports  the  capture  of  a 
single  specimen  in  the  ^^'hite  Alountains  ( l*ro<-.  IJost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  11,  300);  that  it 
must  have  invaded  these  two  states  this  year  is  certain  from  tlu'  considerable  niunber» 
lound  the  year  following.  I  have  accordingly  drawn  the  lurve  of  its  distriiuition  to  in- 
clude this  northern  area.  Mori'over  it  is  certain  that  it  had  reached  this  latitude  in 
Maine,  for  there  is  a  specimen  in  the  Yah'  ("ollcge  Museum,  No.  1,74.1,  whicli  was  lakeu 
by  Pi'of.  S.  I,  Smith  in  Norway.  Maine,  in  18(5.'),  the  eai-liest  record  of  its  capture  in  the 
United  States.  Probably  it  had  covered  the  larger  ])art  of  Maine  wherever  in  the  wilder- 
ness it  coidd  find  a  patch  uiuh-r  cultivation  foi',  writing  from  («arland  in  Penobscot  Co., 
under  date  of  Aug.  2:5,  18(55),  to  the  N.  K.  Farmer  (N.  S.  Ill,  .")()(5),  Mr.  II.  C.  Preble  says 
tliat  he  has  "not  been  able  to  raise  a  respectable  cabbage  lor  some  four  or  five  years,  on 
account  of  the  ravages  of  this  s|)ecies  of  voracious  rascals."  Even  ifwi'  credit  him  with 
sonu'  exaggeration  from  discouragement,  we  can  hardly  think  the  inst'ct  ari'ived  there 
later  than  18(5(5,  the  nxtre  probably  as  Professor  Smith  again  helj)s  us  by -jjreserving  in 
the  Yale  Museum  two  specimens  ca]tturetl  by  him  at  Eastport,  on  'luly  4,  18(5(5. 

The  following  year,  18(57,  marks  a  better  known  advance,  for  iu  May  it  reached  Mon- 
treal, according  to  Mr.  Ritchie  (Can.  Nat.  iir,  Li!>."))  to  the  southwest,  and  extended  on 
the  southeast  even  to  Halifax,  Nova  Scotia,  as  Mr.  J.  M.  Jones  testifies  in  a  paper  (Proc. 
N.  S.  Inst.  Ill,  20)  read  three  years  later,  a  ])ublication  whicli  has  been  entirely 
overlooked,  its  introduction  to  this  point  being  heretofore  placed  as  in  1871,  since 
Mr.  Jones  later  spoke  of  it  as  very  abundant  in  the  spring  of  that  year  (Can.  Ent.  iir, 
37).  In  Main*!  it  was  observed  at  Lewiston  far  toward  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
state,  though  resident  entomologists  elsewhere  iu  (he  state  did  not  discover  it  until  the 
following  yeai'.  The  late  Mr.  P.  S.  Sprague  of  Boston  was  one  of  those  who  found  it  at 
Lewiston  (Proc.  Bost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.,  xi, ;{()())  aud  Mr.  W.  Dickinson  of  Worcester,  the 
other;  the  latter  found  it  both  this  year  and  the  next,  but  only  in  18(58  very  destructive. 


Ll. 


r>() 


SAJILKL  II.  SCUDDKR  ON  THE  SPREAD 


n 


m 


m 


1868. 


Notwitlistnndiiij;'  the  minihiT  ofcntoiiiolDjrists  who  nmiiiiilly  visit  the  "NVhito  ^[oinitiuns, 
and  the  I't'ciii-dcd  cMittuiv  l»_v  Mr.  Mciiill  in  l.S(5(»,  xiijtrii,  ii<>  oiu'  scciiis  to  liiivc  t.ikt'n 
the  insect  in  Xew  Ilanipshii-i-  in  IS'JT;  tiioii'^li  with  its  s|»r(';i  1  to  L.'wiston  on  one  side 
and  its  appearance  in  eonsiderahie  ninnltiTs  in  N'ernionl  on  the  otiier,  tiiere  ean  l)e  little 
douht  that  it  was  present,  at  least  in  the  region  north  of  the  Whiti'  Mountains  and  espe- 
cially in  the  valley  of  the  npjjcr  Connecticnt.  In  Vermont,  Dr.  Merrill  is  onr  only  au- 
thoiity  (I'roc.  IJost.  Soc.  Nat.  Hist,  xr,  ,'?(K)).  In  Angust  of  this  year  he  found  the 
hnttertties  at  Waterhury,  IJnilington  and  Stowe;  in  the  fii'st  locality,  on  Aug.  2i*,  tlu'V 
were  "very  al)uudant.''  During  this  year,  therefoi'i',  tln'  insect  had  fairly  established 
itself  in  northern  Vermont  and  New  Hampshire,  reached  Montreal  in  its  course  up  the 
St.  Lawrence  and  pushed  its  advance  guard  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean  at  llalilii.v  and  nearly 
to  tlie  Gulf  of  Maine  at  Portland. 

In  18G8,  curious  to  say,  our  records  are  more  meagre  ])Ut  in  one  respect  very  inter- 
esting. It  was  only  in  this  year  and  toward  the  end  of  it  that  it  reached  AValerville, 
Me.,  to  judge  from  the  fact  that  it  was  first  seen  in  the  early  spring  of  1S()1)  hy  a  very 
careful  residi-nt  observi'r.  the  late  Prof.  C.  H.  Hamlin.  The  hutterllies  must  have 
come  fiom  winti'ring  ehrysalids  near  hy.  In  New  Ifampsiiire  and  Vermont  '.ts 
])rogress  was  steady  hut  not  extensive.  In  New  Hanipsiiire  it  was  taken  this  year  by 
Mr.  M.  C.  Ilai-riman  at  Warner  ueai'  the  Southern  Kearsarge,  and  was  seen,  according 
to  Dr.  C.  S.  ^linot  (Am.  lOnt.  ii,  7;")),  near  Lake  Winuei)esankee.  In  Veiinont  it  had 
extended  to  about  the  same  j)oiuts,  for  it  was  couuuon  at  "Woodstock  (F.  U.  Jewett) 
and  not  uncomnum  in  August  in  Sudbury  (S.  II.  Scudder),  while  in  all  the  track  behind 
it  was  abundant  enough.  Writing  to  me  from  St.  Albans  in  18()!>,  ^Ir.  N.  C.  Greene 
said  that  in  the  ])revious  autumn  his  IJOOO  cabbages  had  from  ten  to  fil'ty  worms  on  a  head; 
he  had  not  previously  noticed  them  at  all  and  thought  they  first  came  in  18GS,  whereas 
they  must  have  reached  St.  Albans  early  the  year  before  that.  In  the  valley  of  the;  St. 
Lawrence  there  is  nothing,  for  a  time,  to  gauge  its  movements,  but  writing  in  Sept.,18Gi), 
Mr.  A.  S.  Kitchie  says  that  he  has  heard  of  its  ravages  as  far  west  as  ("hateanguay,  s») 
that  it  doubtless  was  to  be  found  there  in  I8()8.  Nor  can  we  say  more  e(Micei'ning  its 
exti'Usiou  into  the  eastern  provinces,  though  I  am  told  I)y  Mr.  (i.  F.  Matthew  that  it  ap- 
peared .It  St.  J()hu  "within  two  oi-  three  yeai's  of  its  recorded  advent  at  (Quebec"  and, 
therefore,  certainly  not  later  than  '\^{')'!^.  Indeed  we  have  seen  that  it  was  just  on  the 
border,  at  Eastjiort,  in  T8()(\  and  Prof.  L.  W.  IJailey,  writing  in  188G,  says  it  has  been 
at  Fredeii  "^on  "ibr  at  least  twenty-Hvi-  years,"  but  he  speaks  only  from  recollection. 

But  the  chief  interest  of  tlie  year  l'!Ai')t''  lies  in  the  fact  that  it  was  then  independently 
introduced  into  the  country  at  New  York.  Humor  lias  it  that  a  German  entomologist 
in  Iloboken  received  some  living  i)upae  from  Europe  to  raise  for  his  cabinet,  that  th(>y 
emerged  from  the  chrysalis  in  his  absence  and  afterward  escaped  from  an  opened  win- 
dow, lint  however  this  may  be,  we  know  from  several  sources  that  it  was  to  be  found 
about  Iloboken  and  Hudson  City,  N.  J.,  this  year.  Mr.  John  HampSon,  a  collector  of 
twenty-six  years'  experience,  living  in  Newark,  took  a  single  specimen  there  this  year  in 
May  (J.  H.  Angehnan).  The  late  Mr.  W.  V.  Andrews,  sending  me  caterpillars  in  July, 
18()i>,  said  it  had  "been  known  for  a  year  or  two,"  and  the  same  writer  says  (Can.  Ent. 
II,  5o)  in  Jan.,  1870,  "tlie  increase  of  this  insect  during  Ike  laslhoo  years  i^  marvellous.*' 


■M 


OF   IMHUIS    UAl'AK    IN    NOKTII    AMKIMCA. 


57 


1869. 


Indcfd  its  ahmidanc'c  the  next  ycai-  ;it  l{(M'<,''('n  Hill.  Wi'st  IIulHikoii  iiml  Hudson  ("ily  is 
prrxd  that  tlic  liist  s|>fcini('ns  caiiic  to  the  spot  in  ISIJS.  ^I'lic  fact  that  New  York  City 
docs  not  (haw  upon  the  Lake  ( 'iiaiii|ilaiii  rej^iun  I'ni'  its  (•alpl)a;^'e-<  (as  I  ;imi  iiilnrnicd  l»y 
Mr.  Lintner  of  Albany)  and  tlie  snl)sc<|ucMt  cviiK-nt  s|)i(ai!  of  I'iciis  rapae  fro.n  two 
points  priiVi'  this  to  iiave  l)cen  in  all  pioijaliihty  an  independent  introduction  into  tlie 
country.     It  is  only  siirprisiii<>-  that  it  was  so  lonif  ilelayed. 

The  spread  of  the  liutterliy  from  this  new  centre  during'  IS()*,(  t\in->  nut  ajipearto  havi- 
heeii  very  ^reat.  That  in  xanty  iiiiuiIkis  it  followed  tin-  Hack  of  the  railway  toward 
I'hiladelphia  i>  prohahli'  from  the  Mattn'e  of  l!iin;is  and  fmm  the  fact  that  Mi'. 
•I.  I*.  |{.  ('.iriuy  took  a  specimen  that  yeai'  within  the  pre>ciu  limit*  ol'  ('amden, 
>\  hich  he  at  the  t  ine  supposed  eanie  acro>s  the  ocean  in  a  V(->el.  then  unloMdin^-  near  hy ; 
yet  Mr.  Andiew- wi'otc.  under  date  of  Anu.  l2()th  in  that  year,  that  while '-([iiile  ;il»un<lant 
in  the  nei<;hl«)i  iiood  of  Herj^cn  Ilill  and  Hudson  ( 'ily,  ten  mile>  hence  I  could  not  lind  a 
>in^le  >pecinien."  It  reached  West  Farm>inlhe  autumn  of  that  yiar,  where  it  was  sei>n 
hy  Mr.  dames  Au^iiis.  hut  not  taken:  specimens  wei'c  howc\cr  taken  the  following'  .^>ril 
fresh  from  the  pupa.  It  was  iil>o  I'cported  ;i>  very  counnoii  in  |S(!'.I,  in  the  pai'k-  ami  gar- 
dens of  New  York  city,  hy  several  ohxivc  i>,  ihouj^h  Mr.  T.  L.  Mead,  an  euthusiaf*tic  lep- 
idopteri-t  at  the  time  and  a  reside  m  of  the  lii  \ .  records  i  lie  capt  urc  of  a  -"iuule  specimen 
on  the  .ler-cy  sich'  of  the  Hudson  Uivi'i-  (^( 'an.  Kut.  ii,  )><))  a>  if  its  presence  in  the  me- 
tropolis were  i|uite  unknown  to  him.  It  seems  prohahle  therefoiH' that  it>  occiii-rt-nci'  in 
the  vicinity  of  \ew  York  was  taken  hy  outsiders  for  its  presence  in  tlie  city  itself.  Still 
it  may  well  have  heeii  presiut  in  >pot>  not  \isitcd  !»y  Mr.  Mcjul.  aini  I  iii\>elf  found  it 
swarmiuji' ahout  park>  in  the  heart  of  tin  <il\  in  duiie.  iS7<>.  I  can  tiu<l  no  record  of  its 
appearance  this  year  in  I.oui;"  NIand.  In  ISl!!),  then,  with  the  exception  of  a  st  raL:\uler 
toward  I'hihulelphia.  the  hiittcj-ily  is  not  known  to  have  spread  more  than  ti-u  or  lilleeii 
mile>  in  any  direction  from  New   'i  ork. 

The  northern  horde  of  invaders  in  tiic  meantime  wa>-  steadily  pushing'  soiithw  ard  :  how 
far  to  till'  west  is  (piite  unkuoun,  for  there  are  no  rejiorts  for  IS(i!l  from  the  Si.  Lawrence 
valley,  except  the  one  ahove  rcferi'i'd  to.  of  its  rava.ii'o  al  (  hatcautiiiay.  So  to<i  from 
A'erinoiit  and  Xcw  Hampshire,  the  only  accounts  are  of  its  ;^reat  ahiiudaiicein  the  north- 
ern |»ortions  and  its  a[)peai'aiice  in  every  i|uartei'  there,  iucliidiui.''  the  alpiiu'  reiiious  of 
the  AVhite  M(»untaius.  In  Maine,  moreover,  it  had  everywhere  reached  the  seaeoast  and 
wa.-i  found  in  numhersin  all  the  inhahited  portions.  It  wasaimudant  at  Haniior  (('hase, 
liiley)  and  reiiorted  from  Norway  (Smith),  Ml.  Descii  Island,  end  of  .liily  (  li.  I*.  Maim), 
Kastpfirt  (.Sniitli),  and  Portland  ( Diminock).  It  wa>  indeed  aloiii;- the  seaeoast  that  it 
l)uslied  its  way  southward  most  rapidly,  for  in  the  siiriny  of  this  year  it  reached  lioston. 
J  isaw  my  first  specimen  on  duly  17,  on  IJoston  ( "oiimiou.  hut  other  ohservers  were  ahead 
f)f  me.  Mr.  I*.  S.  Sjira^'ue.  for  in^Jance,  saw  it  in  liie  same  ■«pi>t  ,\|>ril  lit),  and  Mr.  F.  A. 
Clappon  May  20;  hy  the  autmiui  they  were  not  very  i">'-oiimiou.  \  siii<;le  s|u'ciineii  was 
also  said  to  have  been  si-eii  this  year  near  NN'orci'sler.  ..ccordin<>'  to  a  paper  read  hy  Mr. 
TV.  Dickinson  before  the  Natural  lii>tory  asNociatioii  of  that  city  (  Worci'ster  Spy,  March 
It),  lS7(t),  hut  this  is  rendered  exceedingly  doiihtlul  Ity  >ul(>e(pient  reports.  I'roliahly 
the  nearest  point  at  which  tlii'  northern  horde  approached  the  southern  was  somewhere 
on  the  Hudson  or  Coniiecticul  rivi'is  not  far  above  the  latitude  of  Jo"  N. 


t 


srf'SB 


«n 


■MM 


MM 


I 


58  SAMIKL  11.  SCUDDKU  ON  TlIK  SrUKAD 

For  iilllii>ii<>li,  as  we  have  seen,  it  w.-is  altiindiiiit  at  SihIImu'v  in  Aiiufiist,  1H()S,  it  was  not 

nntil  tlu'  s|iiiii<i'  ol"  1S70,  to  wiiidi  vi'ar  we  now  tui-n  witli  sonic  curiosity,  tliat   it   was 

_^  rcco<::ni/»(l  in  the  centre  oC  Kiistcni  New  York,  wlu-rc  two  sncii  entoinolojj'ists 
1870 

lived  as  Dr.  Asa  Kitcli  and  Mr.  .1.  A.  Lintner.       Kast  (ireenwicli,  where  I  )i".  Fitch 

n'sided.  is  almost  halfway  from  .Vlhany.  Mr.  Lintnei'"s  home,  to  Sudbury,  \'t.,  yet  in  both 
tluse  New  York  localities  it  appt-ared  l()r  the  first  i'eco<;ni/ed  time  in  IS70,  and  then  not 
until  midsunmier.  I'nderdate  of  March  Hi.  1S72,  Mr.  »!.  A.  Lintner  writes  nie  in  detail 
re;rardin;«:  its  appearance  this  year:  "  I  (tl)serv»'d  it  here  |  Albany]  for  the  first  time  on 
July  'li.  Dr.  Fitch  reports  it  at  his  i-esidcnce  in  Fast  (Jrecnwich,  Washinjrton  ( 'o.,  thirty- 
two  miles  in  a  diivet  line  F.  of  N.  fr()m  Alltany,  on  the  2d  of  Au<>iist.  On  Au<i^ust  (J,  I 
saw  it  (juite  iimnei-ous  at  Sarat<i^a  S]»rin<i;s,  thirty  miles  north,  and  on  the  Mtli  at  («len, 
Warren  ( 'o.,  sixty-five  miles  \V.  of  N.  of  Albany.  Dni'injj;  the  month  of  July  a  larj^c  num- 
ber of  the  butterflies  were  st-eii  at  Crown  I'oint  and  Wcstport  (»n  I^ake  < 'hamplain,  and  at 
the  latter  place  |a  short  distance  northwest  of  Sudbury.  \'t.|  the  jijardeu  cabl»a<4;es  were 
so  i^tti'ijy  ruined  by  the  laivae  that  they  were  pulled  up  and  fed  to  cattle  .  .  .  Si'pt.  11, 
I  observed  it  abundantly  at  I'tica.  Oni-ida  Co.,  ninety-five  miles  west  l)y  rail.  Oct.  H,  I 
saw  larvae  but  no  butterflii's  at  ( "herry  N'alley,  Ots(<>;o  (  "o..  fifty  miles  wi-sterly.  'I'he  lat- 
ter part  offluly  it  was  seen  at  .Sharon  S|)rin<;s,  forty-five  miles  west;  while  at  Schoharie, 
an  intermediate  point  thirty  miles  west,  I  did  not  detect  it  until  perhaps  two  weeks  later." 
As  it  is  not  re|»orted  from  the  eastern  end  of  Lake  Ontario  for  a  year  or  two,  the  butter- 
fly probably  readied  I'tica  by  the  eastern  rather  than  the  western  side  of  the  Adir<mdaek 
reyion  and  thus  have  spread  more  rapidly  in  a  western  than  in  a  southern  direction  from 
the  southern  i-nd  of  Lake  Champlaiu.  Moreover,  Mr.  IL  B.  Hawkins  tells  me,  on  the  au- 
thority of  Mr.  W.  F.  Ya<;er,  editor  of  the  Oneonta  Herald,  that  it  appeared  this  same  year 
in  Oneontn,  Otse<>;o  Co.,  considerably  io  the  .south  and  east  of  lltlea.  Alonj?  the  Hud- 
.son,  Mr.  Lintner  does  not  report  it  as  extendiiij»'  far'her  south  than  Bath  (Ent.  Contr.  ir, 
/)4)  five  miles  below  Albany  in  September.  There  can  hv.uo  doubt  that  it  had  this  year 
eom])letely  overrun  Vermont  ami  New  Hamjishire,  though  the  only  records  I  have  in 
the  southern  portions  are  that  the  first  sjieciinens  were  taken  liy  Mr.  C  I*.  Whitney  at 
Milford,  N.  H.,  on  May  2i)  of  this  ^^ear,  that  it  was  al)undaiit  thei-e  by  autumn,  and  taken 
in  numbers  at  Walpole,  N.  H.,  in  .lune  (.S.  I.  Smith).  Hut  it  had  followed  down  the 
C*)nnccticut  valley  much  farther  than  this,  for  it  was  taken  at  Holyoke,  Mass.,  by  Mr.  J. 
E.  ( "base;  and  ])r.  Georg'e  Dimmock  reports  (N.  F.  Homestead  m.  No  1(1,  Mar.  2;"),  liSTI) 
that  the  first  specimen  was  taken  near  Spring:Held  in  the  early  part  of  May  on  the  Lon<>- 
meadow  road;  that  it  was  abundant  l)efoi'e  autumn  and  that  in  July  he  took  it  in  consid- 
erable numbei-s  as  far  south  as  New  Britain,  Conn.  The  first  noticed  by  Mr.  F.  Norton 
at  Farniington,  ('onn.,  were  also  seen  this  year  but  "not  often'';  in  the  foIlowin<^  year  it 
was  (juile  eommou.  It  also  became  common  this  year  at  Walpole,  Mass.,  seventeen  miles 
southwest  of  Boston  (Miss  C.  Guild).  It  would  appear  therefore  that,  at  the  close  of 
1870,  the  southern  limits  of  the  northern  host  were  at  about  the  parallel  of  42",  l0'-30' 
with  a  considerable  extension  down  the  Connecticut  valley. 

Meanwhile  the  southern  horde  was  extending  its  outposts.  The  entire  extent  of  Long 
Island  was  occupied  tliis  year,  for  I*rof.  S.  I.  Smith  found  the  butterfly  very  common  at 
Fire  Island  Beach  in  August  and  Mr.  B.  H.  Foster  reports  destruction  at  Babylon  (Am. 


i 


f-' 


m 


rmmm 


i 


miiTfciim 


OF  I'IKUIS    RAPAK    IN    XOUTII    AMKKICA. 


59 


if  was  not 
lut  it  was 
i»inoIo;;^ists 
■  I  )r.  Fitch 
ret  in  hotii 
il  tluMi  not 
!«■  ill  (K'tiiil 
st  time  oil 
'o.,  tliirty- 
ii<i:iist  ().  I 
Il  at  (ili'ii, 
arj^;t'  iiuiii- 
aiii,  and  at 
ia<;('s  wvvv 
.  Sept.  II, 

Oct.  s,  r 

Thclat- 
Sclioiiaric, 
(ks  later." 
lie  huttcr- 
(lirondack 
ction  from 
on  the  an- 
sa nie  year 
:  the  Hiul- 

Contr.  ir, 
1  this  year 

r  have  in 
^Miitney  at 
and  tak(Mi 
down  the 

hy  Mr.J. 

2h, 1871) 
the  L()n<j^- 
in  eonsid- 
M  Norton 
!<:>;  year  it 
teen  miles 
10  close  of 
2",  l()'-30' 

it  of  Long 
ominon  at 
don  (Am. 


Eiit.  II,  .'Ml).  In  I'liither  diicctiun  toward  the  iinrtlu'rn  l>and,  ^Fr.  Diinmock  I'oiind  "a 
few" at  ltriil<ii'|tort,  Conn.,  in  .July,  wliicli  may  liave  hcl(.n;:;fd  to  th*-  (rtlicr  group,  Itiit  far 
more  piohaltly  wi-ic  t  lie  descendants  of  those  th.il  occupied  West  Farms  the  year  he  fore. 
Dr.  S.  L«»ckw(»od  tells  me  that  it  iiivade(l  Momiioiith  Co.,  N.  .Fersey,  in  IS7(»  and  in  ()e- 
toher  of  this  same  year  the  editor  of  the  Ainerican  Entomohtgist  s,iw  it  aroinid  fruit 
stands  in  Philadi'lpiiia  (Am.  I'jiit.  ii,  :»l»'^);  Mr.  W.  D.  Doan  writes  me  tiiat  it  appeart-d 
in  scanty  mimh.'rs  this  year  at  Atglen,  Chester  Co.,  I'enn.,  and  Mr.  Towncnd  Ifjover 
in  one  (d'  his  Government  Kepoits  says  that  it  apjieart'd  i-ven  as  far  as  I5altimi>re  "an- 
terior to  187(V';  lint  this  I  think  imist  he  an  error  of  memory,  ft  a|>peais  then  that  tiie 
sonthern  horde  did  not  this  year  (piite  n-acli  the  noitlurn.  Init  the  two  appi-oached  eacii 
other  so  nearly  as  inevitably  to  mingle  in  IS7I  ;  that  the  northern  had  alm(»st  everywhere 
reached  the  eastern  seashoii'  of  Xew  England  and  the  Canadian  provinces,  and  in  the 
west  had  extended  prolialily  to  Lake  <  )ntario  and  nearly  to  ci-nti'al  Xew  York.  The 
southern,  on  the  other  hand,  had  covered  Long  Island  east  wavdlv,  and  was  jmshing  its 
way  also  along  tin-  northern  shoin-  of  the  Somid,  w  hile  its  main  army  was  diivcted  south- 
ward, had  ciivered  New  Jersey,  and  extended  into  eastt-rn  I'eiinsylvania. 

In  the  next  year,  187 1,  these  two  ai-niies,  having  dev.\  i  .ted  the  eonni  ry  with  indepeiid- 
eiit  forces  for  fully  three  years,  met  and  minified,  and  tin  ;.  swept  westward  and  south- 
ward with  incieasing  raiiiditv.     Tliev  coviMcd  all  tlie  <vroiintl  which  la\  hetweeii 

*  1871 

the  outposts  of  the  previous  year,  this  heing  the  yei    in  wl/ich  it  wa-  lirst  seen  in 

Ithode  Island,  at  IVovideiiee  (11.  L.  Clark),  and  at  Iliui'er.  ?, .  Y.  (W.  II.  Edwards), 
it  also  cxk  ,i  Ix'd  to  some  of  till'  higher  regions  previou.-'y  untouched  hut  swept  past, 
such  as  Williamstown,  Mass.  (^"in  force"  S.  Tennev).  ami  hecanu'  as  usual  excessively 
common  where  it  had  only  appeared  scantily  tlie  j.  eai'  Itefore.  There  were  even  some 
spots  not  invaded  until  IS7"J.  and  it  would  appear  that  tlie  advance  tiuard,  wliicli  swept 
down  the  livers  {lowing  soiilheily  and  along  the  siacoast,  lefr  the  inland  districts  long 
niitouched.  Thus  it  is  reported  as  n<il  seen  in  Stowe,  Mas-.,  at  the  i-Iose  of  1871  ( C.  \. 
Emery).  Mr.  Dickinson  sjiowed  totiie  Natural  history  association  of  Woi-cesti'r  in  1872 
several  s[>ecimens  that  had  lueii  found  in  a  garden  there,  as  if  they  were  of  special  in- 
terest as  new  comers  (so  that  the  ruiuoi-  that  one  was  taken  there  in  18()!).  ■•<iipr(t,  must 
be  an  error),  and  it  is  thouglit  not  to  have  apjieared  in  Sherbom  until  1872  (A.  L.  Hab- 
eock).  I5y  that  time  it  hail  probalily  overrun  every  nook  and  c<irner  of  New  England. 
Similar  irregularities  appear  in  all  its  snbseipieut  m<ivenients  westward. 

Of  its  westward  iiioveniciit  in  1871.  we  still  have  no  information  from  nortliern  New 
York  or  north  of  the  boundary,  and  can  only  judge  by  subse(pient  notices  that  it  must 
have  ri'ached  at  least  the  extreme  eastern  end  of  Lake  Ontario.  Jt  had  certainly  passed 
the  centre  of  New  Yoik,  lieiug  found  common  at  Ithaca  this  year  (J.  IL  Comstock,  L. 
O.  Howard),  where  iiuh'ed  it  made  its  first  appearanci>  the  |ireceding  year  according  to 
Mr.  Howard,  thongli  Mr.  A.  C.  Weeks  thinks  it  did  not  occur  in  Tompkins  Co.  in  1870. 
It  was  "troulilesome"  this  year  or  1872  at  Ca/eiiovia  ( L.  M.  ITuderwood),  while  Mr. 
Saniulers  states  in  his  addi'cssto  the  Entomological  society  of  Ontario  (liep.  1877,  .">) 
that  "by  1871  it  had  travilled  .  .  .  west  to  the  middle  of  the  state  of  New  York".  In 
Pennsylvania  it  is  reportid  as  haniil'iil  ;his  yi'ar  in  Luzerne  Co.  (T.  Glover),  and  as 
])resenf  at  lOaston  (Mis.  .1.  P.  Ballard)  iiiid  liancaster  (S.  S.  Kathvon) ;  this  does  not 
greatly  increase  its  we.-tward  range.     Jint  it  had  ["islied  somewhat  farther  southward, 


K!)'-'  '■■m'"w'n 


mm»- 


IP 


1 


60 


SAMUEL  II.  SCUDDKR  ON  TIIR  SPRKAD 


f^-i 


t,^. 


m\ 


following  tho  coast  line;  injury  Wivs  dono  to  crops  in  Cecil  Co.,  Md.,  dnring  this  year, 
according'  to  the  reports  of  the  Agricnltnral  Department  ((rlovcr),  and  it  iii)peared  in 
]ialtiniore  according  to  C.  R.  Podge  (Rural  Carol.,  August,  1S72).  Writing  mo  from 
Spottsville,  Ya.,  Mr.  li.  W.  fluncs  says,  "It  was  a  general  complaint  (in  Surry  Co.)  as 
early  as  1870-71  among  farmers,  that  they  could  raise  no  good  cabhage  on  account  of 
it.  In  1S72-7IJ  it  infested  the;  gardens  about  Petersburg  in  untold  numbers."  Yet  it 
Avas  not  seen  in  Washington  until  1S72.  This  year  then  is  remarkable  for  the  union  of 
the  two  armies  and  the  considerable  westward  extension  in  New  York. 

Jn  1872  we  again  are  able  to  trace  the  forward  movement  of  the  bntterlly  in  Canada, 
whi're  it  originated,  and  from  which  infoi-niation  entirely  fails  from  1807,  when  it  reached 

Montreal,  until  this  time.  For  now  we  learn  that  it  had  iiassed  by  this  time  ahmg 
1872  . 

the  northern  shore  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  Lake  Ontario  to  Belleville  and  Tren- 
ton, Outai'io  (Bethunc,  Can.  Ent.  v.  41).  But  south  of  the  river  and  the  lake  it  had 
]>ushed  much  farther,  viz.,  through  the  entire  length  of  the  state  of  N'ew  Y^'ork,  so  as  to 
invade  Canada  trom  the  United  States  I  It  did  not  reach  Port  Hope,  Ontario,  from  the 
cast,  where  Mr.  Bethunc  was  awaiting  it  ("we  fully  expect  to  see  it  at  Port  Hope  this 
year," — Can.  Ent.  v,  41,)  until  July  187.'},  but  it  appeared  at  Ridgeway,  Welland  Co., 
■'not  in  great  numbers"  in  1872  (A.  II.  Kilman),  and  at  Toi'onto  in  August,  1872  (W. 
Brodie  —  c  Canada  Farm.,  1870,  127).  This  makes  it  highly  probable  that  it  reached 
BulValo  this  year,  of  which  I  could  not  otherwise  speak,  as  the  testimony  of  my  corres- 
])ondents  is  widely  eouHicting.  Certainly  it  rcaihed  Brockport,  for  it  Avas  taken  there  in 
September  by  iNIr.  David  Jiruce,  and  the  next  year  had  ccrtaiidy  spread  much  farther 
west  on  the  southern  than  on  the  northern  short's  of  Lake  Eiic.  It  was  in  this  year  that 
it  reached  Delhi  (L.  ().  Howard).  In  Pennsylvania,  though  it  probably  reached  Centre 
Co.  in  this  year  (W.  A.  lUickhart),  it  was  possibly  checked  in  its  westward  sj)ri'ad  by 
the  Alleghanies,  as  we  uo  not  hear  of  it  in  the  Avestern  part  of  the  state.  It  reached 
Washington  early  in  this  year  (Monthly  Rep.  De])t.  Agric,  June  1872,  218)  but  how 
nuicli  farther  south  it  passed  Ave  do  not  know.  As  hoAVcver  avc  Iuia'c  already  heard  of  it 
in  A'ii'ginia  it  is  probable  that  it  had  extended  southward  at  something  like  its  previous 
rate  and  avc  have  accordingly  draAvn  our  curvi',  to  correspond  Avith  this. 

In  187;{,  as  before  stated,  it  reached  Port  Hope,  and  "F.  C.  L.''  reports  taking  his  first 
specimen  at  Dunn  in  Ilaldimaiid  Co.,  Out.  (Can.  I^]nt.  (5,  <)0),  and  some  Avere  taken  at 
^   _„     Hamilton   (J.  A.  jSIollat),  Avliere  one  Avould  have  looked  for  it  the  preceding 

'  ear  Irom  its  piesencc  then  at  Toronto.  This  year  it  had  entirely  covered  New 
Y^)rk  stale,  though  Iherc  were  places  even  in  the  eastern  half,  such  as  Norwich,  where  it 
did  not  appciti-  until  this  yi'ar,  at  least  in  any  uumlter  (fl.  S.  Kingsley).  It  AA'as  found 
spai'ingly  at  Cleveland  in  the  spring  of  this  year'  (J.  U.  (Jehring),  but  fi'om  here  south- 
Avard  our  information  is  practically  a  blank.  AVe  have,  however,  two  curious  items:  it  is 
reported  by  Mr.  C  R.  Dodge  ns  being  destroyed  by  parasites  in  Louisville,  Ky.,  in  this 
year,  Avhich  implies  that  it  ap|)eai'ed  there  at  least  the  year  before  (probably  Mr.  Dodge's 
informant  mistook  the  desti-uctive  southern  cabl»age  bntterlly  for  this). 

'riie  other  is  a  vei'y  delinite  piece  of  information  fi'om  I'rof.  L.  li.  Cibbes  of  Charleston, 


'TIiIn  Is  till' llist  ili'llnlli' sliili'iiiciil  of  llH  iidvciil  III  Olilo,      <il'   Ni'w  VdiU  ^iiiil  New  .IviM'y  luiil    In   Oliiu 
i)iil  Mr.  W.  II.  Ivlwiirds,  in  I'.iil  .s  dIIiin  liMlliilliis  hI' .Norlli      cluiiily  an  cnoi'. 
Ainurlcii,  siij'.s  "It  swunii.s  |.\ugu.sl,  ISTI]  in  many  iiails 


Tlif  lii.it  Is 


wmm 


OF  PIE«IS  RAPAE  IN  NORTH  AMERICA. 


(51 


g  this  year, 
ii[)|)i'afoil  ill 
iiig  me  IVom 
irry  Co.)  as 
1  account  ol" 
rs."  Yet  it 
the  union  of 

in  Canada, 
'11  it  readied 
■i  time  alonj*; 
u  and  Trcn- 

lake  it  had 
M'k,  so  as  to 
■io,  from  the 
i-t  Ilojjc  this 
'elland  Co., 
t,  1872  (W. 
it  it  reached 
■  my  corres- 
ken  tlicre  in 
inch  lartlier 
lis  year  tliat 
;'lied  Centre 
1  s[)read  by 

It  reached 
8)  but  liow 

heard  of  it 
its  iu'evious 

mg  liis  llrst 
i"e  taken  at 
'  precedinjj^ 
ivered  New 
ch,  wliere  it 
t  was  found 
liere  soutli- 
iteins:  it  is 
Ky.,  in  tliis 
Jr.  Dodge's 

Charh'ston, 

'."      Tin;  lust,  Is 


who,  in  a  recent  letter  to  me,  after  mentioning  the  year  1870  as  one  which  was  remarka- 
ble for  the  number  f)f  Lepidoptei'a  seen  in  that  city,  says  that  P.  vajHif  (of  which  he 
possessed  English  examples  in  his  cabinet)  was  not  to  be  found,  but '' in  187^5  I  observed 
it  as  not  uncommon  in  this  city,  and  recogiii/ed  it  at  once,  Avhilc  Hying,  as  distinct  from 
its  congeners  P.  momistr  and  1\  proh.diri'  ...  I  have  seen  it  I  think  every  year  since." 
This  ajipears  to  be  an  niiquesti()nal)le  independent  iiiti'odnction  of  the  species  from  a 
coasting  vessel,  and  it  is  due  to  this  probably  that  we  find  it  invading  the  sontliern  At- 
lantic states  sooner  than  we  should  otlierwise  anticipate.  In  the  curves,  therefore,  I  have 
given  this  new  southern  horde  a  distinct  claim  to  local  independence,  and  brought  the 
northern  curve  to  the  ocean  at  a  comparatively  high  latitude. 

In  1871  we  again  hear  of  the  insect  to  the  east  of  its  point  of  origin.  X.  Corneau  rejiort- 
ing  it  as  rare  at  (iodl)out  river  on  the  lower  St.  Lawrence,  the  nortlu'asternmost  point 
from  which  it  has  yet  been  recorded  (Can.  Ent.  vir,  208)  ;  its  progress  westward  ,„_- 
in  Canada  seems  to  have  been  very  slow.  It  was  abundant  now  at  Hamilton  but  it 
did  not  reach  Paris  this  year  or  certainly  not  until  the  very  end  of  the  year.  Jt  had  be- 
come notieeaiile  at  Cleveland  by  its  ravages  during  this  summer'  as  well  as  in  western 
Pennsylvania  (T.  W.  Conistock,  Am.  Nat.  ix,  12(5).  It  made  its  appearance  among  the 
mountain  valleys  of  West  Virginia  in  Septemlur,  where  it  became  aliundant  the  fol- 
lowing spi'ing  (W.  H.  Edwards,  Pap.  i,  0(5).  It  was  "by  no  means  raiv"  in  Virginia 
(Bethune,  loc.  innlt.') 

Of  the  extension  of  the  southern  horde  we  know  nothing,  but  from  the  record  of  later 
dates  I  have  assumed  an  enlarged  curve  which  seems  best  to  agree  with  the  facts. 

But  here  enters  a  new  factor.  Dr.  A.  W.  Chapman,  a  well-known  and  cx])erienced 
lepidoj)terist,  in  response  to  my  circular,  writes  to  me  from  Apalachicola,  Floi-ida.  that  the 
butterlly  first  apjieared  there  in  187.')  or  1871;  adding  tliat  it  has  not  yet  become  com- 
mon, only  half  a  dozen  being  seen  in  a  season.  Here  we  have  a  second  southern  coastal 
introduction,  unless  iudeiMl  it  was  imported  from  Charleston  by  rail  direct,  as  seems  more 
jirobable.  Its  appearance,  however  it  cani''  about,  at  these  two  southern  stations  at  such 
an  early  ])eriod  exjilains  why,  when  the  insect  does  not  llourish  so  well  in  the  extri'ine 
south  as  farther  nortli,'^  it  managed  to  reach  Alabama  at  least  as  soon  as  it  obtained  a  foot- 
hold beyond  the  Mississippi. 

Turning  now  to  the  year  187.")  and  beginning  as  before  at  the  north,  we  find  that  ac- 
cording to  Mr.  iSaunders  it  reac  lied  Paris,  Out.,  in  (he  spring  of  187.",  and  Loudon  in 
August  (Report  Ent.  Soc.  Out.  187."l,  151  ;  Can.  Ent.  vii.  1(!;5).  The  same  good 
authority  tells  us  (//>/(/.)  that  it  had  reached  western  Ohio,  and  a  gardener  in 
southwestern  Ohio  reports  that  it  lirst  troubled  him  in  187(5  at  Mt.  liepose,  Clermont 
Co.,  and  therefote  presumably  reached  that  ])lace  by  187')  (F.  {{.  Fislier).  It  did  not  how- 
ever reach  (Jineinuati  until  the  following  year  (^C.  Diiry)  though  it  had  followed  the 
western  Alleghanies  down  to  Maryville,  Blount  (Jo.,  eastern  Tennessee,  a  little  south  of 
Knoxvllle,  where  Mr.  E.  M.  Aaron  saw  it  in  187.").  It  was  now  common  in  West  Vir- 
ginia, and  [iresiimably  extended  into  North  Carolina,  though  we  have  no  report   from 


'  l)r.  .1.  K.  IscMii  rcpc^iiril  that  it  llrsi  upix^upmI  iit  Clivo- 
liinil  III  till' .-.|iriiiu  111'  IKT.-i  (Can.  '■'.lit.  \ll,tKO)i  liilt  lie  is 
('(•I'taiiily  ill  (Midi'. 

MKMUIIIM   MIHITIIN   80<;.   >.«■'.    11181.,    V  •!..   It*.  U  > 


'  In  .'viilcni'c  (if  tills,  til,'  fact  tiiat,  it  is  still  scniv.'  iil 
.\|iaiaiiiliiila  is  suiipoi-icil  liy  ii,  I'ailiiii:  lo  invatic  i\w  pi'ii- 
lu.siila  ul'  I'lDi'lilu. 


■KT' 


11 


wmmmmmmmm 


62 


SAMUKL  II.  SCUDDER  OX  THE  SPREAD 


1876. 


there  until  1S7S,  when  Mr.  W.  V.  Andrews  found  it  in  Mureh  at  Aslieville.  The  sonth- 
ern  i>;irt  oi"  our  line  for  this  year  is,  therefore,  purely  eoujectural,  as  are  also  the  lines  for 
the  southern  colonies,  from  which  we  have  no  data. 

There  enters  now  a  good  deal  of  confusion  in  the  dates  of  its  appearaiice  as  ohtainod 
hy  correspondence  in  dilVerent  ])arts  of  the  west.  The  insect  had  become  abundant  on 
all  the  niaiu  railway  lines  runniug  east  and  west  and  was  liable  to  be  forcibly  carried  in 
auy  direction.  "Wherever  a  pair,  male  and  female,  happeni'd  after  all  vicissitudes  to  come 
together,  there  would  be  the  point  for  the  introduetiou  of  a  new  colony;  for  mignonette 
or  cabbage  or  turnip  would  be  found  somewhei'e  about;  and  the  only  woiuler  is  that 
the  moviMuent  of  the  throng  was  as  regular  as  it  was. 

During  I>S7()  it  covered  the  whole  of  western  Ontario  (Saunders  loc.  elf.)  and  extended 
into  eastern  Michigan  (A.  J.  Cook);  Mr.  E.  A.  Strong  even  states  that  he  took  it  at 
(Jrand  liapids  in  IST."),  hut  this  I  think  nuist  be  a  fault  of  recollection.  Below 
the  Lakt's  however,  it  moved  on  moi-r-  rapidly.  It  is  possible,  if  not  probable, 
that  one  of  tlu-  roadside  colonies  to  which  I  alluded  above  was  established  in  central 
Indiana  lu'lbiv  this,  for  Mr.  S.  (J.  Evans  says  that  Pierin  raimr  was  cimunon  in  Kvans- 
ville  when  he  commenced  colli'cting  then'  in  187-1;  and  Dr.  G.  M.  Levette  writes  mo 
from  Indiaiia|)olis,  ''From  recollections  of  myself  and  others  I  v/ould  place  it  [the  in- 
troduction of  P.  rai><tr  at  that  point  |  in  IST'J  or  IST!}."  We  have  the  very  definite  state- 
ment from  Di'.  F.  W.  (Joding  that  he  cajilured  a  female  in  his  father's  gai'dcn  in  Kane 
Co.,  111.,  4  i  miles  west  of  Chicago  on  Sept.  17, 1S7.1».  A  few  days  afterward  he  saw  sev- 
eral, as  he  now  distinctly  remembers,  in  cabbage  fields  west  of  Chicago,  flying  in  com- 
l)any  with  P.  profodia .  Mi'.  J.  W.  Huett  also  writes  that  he  tii'st  saw  the  butterfly  at 
Farm  Kidge,  LaSalle  Co.,  in  the  spring  of  1874  or  187.'),  in  scanty  numbers.  It  would 
therefore  appear  highly  probable  that,  a  year  or  two  in  advance  of  the  normal  rate  of 
pi'ogress,  Pi(  ris  rapae  swept  into  Chicago  on  a  railway  train.  We  have  no  further  record 
for  this  yeai'of  the  advance  of  the  great  horde,  but  simply  from  analogy  and  subsc(pient 
facts,  the  curve  of  its  probabli'  progiess  has  l)een  [)laced  on  the  map. 

In  187(>,  liowt'ver,  we  have  indications  of  tlu;  spread  of  l)oth  of  the  southern  colonies, 
for  in  Oetobi'r  of  this  year.  Dr.  A.  OemU'r  detected  the  butterlly  at  AV^ilmington  Island 
otf  Savannah, —  evidently  an  t'xtcnsiou  of  the  Charleston  colony  of  187.'$;  while  the  fact 
that  the  butterlly  was  as  common  in  187(5  as  now  at  Lumpkin  in  the  southwestern  part 
of  the  state,  as  I  am  informed  by  Mr.  A.  \V.  Latimer,  indicates  the  spread  of  the  Apu- 
lachicohi  colony. 

In  1877,  to  begin  now  with  the  south,  these  two  southern  colonies  ])rohal)ly  merged, 
for  the  butterlly  was  connuon  at  Macon,  as  reported  by  I'rof  J.  M  Willet  at  the  August 
meeting  of  the  (ieorgia  Horticultural  Society,  a  point  which  probably  might 
have  been  reached  by  either  co'ony  this  year,  though  not  by  the  northern  horde 
for  a  year  or  two  latei-,  to  judge  by  all  accounts.  For,  to  fon'stall  the  succeeding  years 
a  little,  the  pest  was  not  noticed  in  northern  Alabama  until  1871),  nor  at  Atlanta,  Georgia, 
until  1880,  nor  at  Cluster,  S.  C,  until  1881   (L.  M.  Loomis). 

From  these  points  to  Illinois  is  a  long  leap,  but  for  this  year  it  has  no  record.  Ex- 
cepting for  the  notice  of  its  comnion  occurrence  at  the  head  of  Lake  Kosseau  in  the 
Muskoka  District,  east  of  Georgian  Bay,  Canada  (Saundi^-s,  Can.  Ent.  ix,  18,"i),  the  only 


1877. 


i 


OF  PIERIS  RAPAE  IN  NORTH  AMERICA. 


G3 


The  south- 
the  lilies  ibr 

:iH  ohtalneil 
fil)un(l;int  on 
]y  cariied  in 
ides  to  come 
■  mignonette 
niler  is  that 

nd  extondi'd 
le  took  it  at 
ion.  Below 
ot  probable, 
il  in  central 
m  in  Kvans- 
e  writes  mo 
e  it  [the  in- 
e  finite  state- 
len  in  Kane 
he  saw  sev- 
ing  in  com- 
bntterlly  at 
^.  It  would 
rinal  rate  of 
p'ther  record 
snbsequent 

■rn  colonies, 
gton  Island 
hile  the  fact 
vestern  part 
)f  the  Apa- 

bly  mei'ged, 
the  August 
)al)ly  might 
thern  horde 
eding  years 
ta,  (Jeorgia, 

•cord.  TCx- 
sseau  in  the 
'i),  the  only 


remaining  data  are  for  Illinois  and  Michigan;  the  butterfly  had  covered  the  lower  half 
of  tlm  lower  peiiinsida  of  Michigan  (  A.  J.  Cook,  E.  W.  Aliis)  and  pai't  of  Illinois,  The 
specific  points  which  it  had  reiciied  in  tlie  latter  state  are  the  region  about  Chicago, 
—  Maplewood  (C^  Thomas,  (r.  II,  FriMich).  DeKalb  Co,,  sixty  miles  west  of  Chicago  (P. 
M,  AVebstcr), —  Decatur  (W,  Barnes),  and  Champaign,  in  the  autumn  (C,  Wood  worth). 
The  first  two  of  these  may  easily  have  been  the  mere  extension  of  the  Chicago  colony, 
the  latter  two  of  the  Indiana,  but,  in  all  probability,  the  succeeding  year  saw  a  blending 
of  all  the  colonies  both  north  and  south. 

For  then.  1M78,  not  only  is  almost  the  whole  of  Illinois  invaded,  but  the  advance  guard 
has  ])uslied  across  the  Mississippi  and  iiitrcuclu'd  iiscH  in  Iowa  and  Missouri,  According 
to  Dr,  C.  Thoniiis,  it  ai)iiearc(l  at  ('ari)ou(lalc  carlv  in  the  vi'ar  and  "in  injurious  ,  _ 
innnbers"  at  Springlicld  (!)tb  Jvcp.  luj.  Ins.  III.. ',)).  It  bad  crf>ssed  the  Mississippi 
at  at  least  two  points.  Prof,  li,  li.  Kowlcy  wi'ites  me  from  Curryville,  Pike  Co.,  Mo,, 
that  he  collected  two  specimens  on  ladish  i)lossoms  at  Louisiana  in  that  county  in  'Iidy, 
1878,  and  I'rof.  S,  M,  Tracy  says  that  lu'  noticed  it  at  Columl)ia,  in  1877,  the  first  year 
of  his  I'esidencc  there'.  Further.  Mi'.  .1.  M.  Mvers  writes  me  that  five  or  six  specimens 
were  taken  at  Fort  Madison.  Iowa,  in  the  autunm  ol'  1878;  and  the  sanu'  fact  is  reported 
by  Mr,  A,  AV.  Ilolfnieistei-  (Ti-ans.  Iowa  Ilort.  Society,  187i)).  There  can  therefore  be 
little  doubt  that  it  was  in  this  year  tiial  it  first  ei'osscd  the  Mississii»pi.  In  Tennessee  too, 
it  was  close  to  the  Mississippi  in  1878,  for  according  to  Mr.  F,  V.  Ilynds  it  appeai'ed  this 
year  at  Ualston  Station  in  Weakley  Co.;  and  it  was  in  March  recorded  from  Asheville, 
N.  C,  by  Mr.  W.  V.  Andrews  (Can,  Ent„  x.  !>8). 

In  1870  it  had  extendi'd  up  the  peninsula  of  Michigan,  having  been  taken  at  Luding- 
ton  either  this  year  oi'  the  pi'cceding  i)y  Mi',  \,  B.  Pierce,  and  had  invaili'd  Wisconsin, 
ajipearing  in  May  about  Racine  (P.  I{,  Hoy)  and  being  abundant  there  (O.  S,  ,„„„ 
AVestcott)  although  it  did  not  n  ach  Milwaiikei-  that  year  (R.  T,  Church),  Dw 
Hoy's  printed  statement  will  be  found  in  his  list  of  Wisconsin  Lepidoptera,  and  should 
bi'  noticed  by  any  one  led  astray  by  thi"  statement  in  the  American  Entomologist  (ir, 
71))  that  it  was  said  by  Dr.  Iloy  t,o  be  toK'rably  comiuon  in  Wisconsin  in  18()1>,  This 
last  publication  may  account  foi'  the  statement  by  Dr,  Fitch  in  his  thirteenth  Report  on 
New  York  insects,  in  speaking  of  the  new  cabbage  pests,  that  "  tiie  jjivsent  year  (1870), 
])robably  favored  by  the  protraeti'd  drought,  they  have  suddenly  overspread  a  large  ])or- 
tion  of  the  middle  and  irrs/<rii  slati's,"  when  in  fiU't  tlu-y  had  not  extended  westward 
beyond  tite  middle  of  his  own  state,  Possiljly  it  was  i)ased  on  the  statcmi'iit  already  re- 
ferred to  in  Edwards'  Butterflies,  Mr.  RiUy  has  also  stated  (U.  S.  Agrie.  Rep.,  188!},  lOit) 
that  it  had  appeared  in  (ireen  Hay  (Wisconsin)  in  1871,  but  that  probably  his  correspond- 
ent mistook  an  allied  species  for  it.  In  Iowa  it  made  rapid  advances.  We  have  already 
seen  it  at  Fort  Madison  in  the  southeasti'rn  coriu-r.  It  probably  appeared  in  1878  also 
at  Keota  in  Keokuk  Co.,  for  it  was  destructive  there  before  the  end  of  187!)  (A.  S,  Van 
Winkle).  At  >[uscatine,  according  to  Miss  Alice  Walton,  now  Mrs,  Beatty,  it  appeared 
in  the  latter  part  of  May  (Proc.  Muse,  Acad.,  Nov. ){.  187!))  and  according  to  Mr,  F,  M. 
Witter  (Proc,  Iowa  Acad.,  187o-8().  21-L'll)  became  destriielive  that  year.  It  appeared 
this  year  also  in  Linn  Co.,  where  it  was  verv  destructive  (Riley),     Hut  it  went  beyond 

'  Tills  Ih  cut'tuliily  po.-slblu,  but  11  was  iiu)ie  probably  in  187a,  tu  JuUjfu  by  oUiui'  rcpoiU. 


ir-r^-Tf- 


~><*^MH|-f-rT-' 


64 


SAMUEL  II.  SCLDDEK  ON  THE  SPREAD 


1880. 


theeastorn  tior  of  counties,  for  it  was  foiiiul  at  Dcs  Moines,  according  to  a  coiTcsponclent 
of  the  Pniiiie  Fanner  of  Chicago  (Am.  Ent.,  iir,  55),  and  in  the  autumn  it  reached  Ames 
(II.  Osborn),  and  had  even  advanced  by  midsummer  to  Omaha  in  Nebraska,  according 
to  Mr.  L.  IJruner,  i.  c,  across  the  entire  slate  of  Iowa.  In  all  probability  it  may  have 
been  prematurely  carried  to  that  gi'eat  railway  centre  by  the  freight  trains.  The  sur- 
])rising  thing  about  this  is  that  it  appeared  to  have  no  outcome,  as  we  shall  see.  The  bnt- 
tei'tly  appeared  also  about  St.  Louis  this  year  (Miss  M.  E.  Mnrtfeldt)  and  at  many 
localities  in  Alabama,  such  as  Marion  (J.  P.  liailcy.  Am.  Ent.,  iir,  107)  and  Selma 
(Rilev),  though  Mr.  Kiley  did  not  sec  it  at  ^lobih.  on  a  visit  there  (U.  S.  Agric.  Kep., 
188:Cl09). 

In  1880  it  had  advanced  in  tlu'  north,  according  t(t  Mr.  Saundei's,  to  Manitoulin  Isl- 
and near  the  northeastern  end  of  Lake  Huron  (Can.  Ent.,  xir,  192-195),  to  the  8ault 
Ste.  Marie,  to  Itochester  in  the  southeastern  corner  of  Minnesota  (C.  N.  Ainslee), 
to  West  I'oint,  Nebraska  (L.  Bruner),  to  Lawrence,  Kansas,  in  March  (P.  II. 
Snow)  and  to  Manhattan  in  the  same  state  ("NV.  Kuans,  E.  A.  Popenoe).  Dr.  W.  S.  New- 
Ion  writes  me  that,  according  to  his  note  book,  it  appeared  at  Oswego  in  the  southeastern 
corner  of  the  state  on  June  10,  1879,  but  he  is  not  quite  positive  about  the  year.  It  is 
also  rejwrtcd  this  year  Irom  Atlanta,  Ga.,  i»i  July,  by  C.  \.  Kiley  (Am.  Ent.,  ur,  200). 
It  must  have  been  there  the  year  previous. 

In  1881  we  have  icw  reports  of  its  extension,  but  it  was  this  year  that  it  became 
common  on  Keeweenaw  Point,  at  Calumet,  Mich.  (E.  T.  Custis),  though  the  post- 
-„_^  master  at  Kasson,  Leelenaw  Co.,  told  Mr.  E.  W.  AUis  that  it  did  not  a])pear 
in  that  place  luitil  a  year  or  two  later.  It  was  as  late  as  Aug.  3  that  Mr.  G.  M. 
Dodge  liivst  saw  it  at  Glencoe,  Dodge  Co.,  Ne])raska,  not  lilly  miles  from  Omaha  (Can. 
Ent.,  XIV,  ;J9)  and  not  until  this  year  did  it  make  its  api)earance  at  Salina,  Kan.,  be- 
coming common  in  1882  (A.W.Jones).  It  is  also  reported  as  appearing  in  1881  at 
Bastrop,  Texas  (L.  Ileilcgerodt).  * 

In  1883  (there  being  no  statistics  obtainal)le  for  1882)  we  have  several  vei-y  interest- 
ing extensions.  Mr.  Walter  Ilaydcn,  I'eturning  to  England  in  1883  from  Moose  Fac- 
tory at  the  extreme  southern  eiul  of  Hudson  Ba^',  took  with  him  an  interesting 
collection  of  insects,  among  which  !Mr.  J.  Jenner  Weir  found  a  single  pair  of 
P.  rajxie,  which  were  all  he  had  taken  there  ii\  a  residence  of  five  and  a  half  years.  Pre- 
sumably tlie  insect  had  arrived  shortly  before  his  departifc.  It  was  only  in  this  year, 
according  to  Mrs.  E.  A.  Patten,  that  it  ap))eaied  at  Miinu'ai)olis,  Minn.,  yet  it  was  now 
that  Capt.  Gamble  Gcddes  took  it  in  Manitoba  along  the  line  of  the  Canadian  Pacific 
Railway,  at  least  as  fai-  as  Brandon,  about  longitude  100".  Further,  Mi-.  Charles  S. 
Brown  of  Ludden,  Dickey  Co.,  Dakota,  writes  me  that  he  reached  that  country  in  1883 
— one  of  the  first  settlers  there  —  and  noticed  then  a  few  specimens  of  the  buttertl}', 
which  has  since  become  common.  It  is  evident  that  it  has  nearly  outrun  the  tide  of  civ- 
ili/ation. 

But  even   this  record  is  outsti'ipj)ed  by  the  report  that  it  actually  reached  the  Rocky 
mountains  in  Montana  in  1881.     Two  correspondents  have  answered  my  inquiries  from 


1883. 


'  Ml'.  N.  I'uluiiiiui  I'uuikI  11  In  Mai'shull,  Ti'Xiks,  wlioii  lie  iiiuvcil  Uicre  In  ISmI.     Hu  Uiouj>ht  It  liuil  not  buuii  thero  lung. 


7— If 


«iiia2ffija 


OF  PIERIS  KAPAE  IN  NORTH  AMERICA. 


G5 


orrc8j)onclent 
iU'hc'd  Anu'S 
a,  accordinj^; 
it  may  have 
s.  The  sur- 
e.  Thebnt- 
iml  at  many 

I  and  Si'lina 
Agile.  Kep., 

initoulln  Isl- 
to  the  8aiilt 
N.  Ahi.slee), 
[arch  (F.  II. 
W.  S.  New- 
southeastern 
i  year.  It  is 
It,  III,  200). 

at  it  became 
^h  the  ])o.st- 
[1  not  ajjpear 
It  Mr.  G.  M. 
)maha  (Can. 
la,  Kan.,  be- 
ig  in  1881  at 

ery  interest- 
Moose  Fac- 

II  interesting 
ingle  pair  of 
years.  Pre- 
in  this  year, 
t  It  was  now 
ulian  Pacific 
•.  Charles  !S. 
ntry  in  1883 
he  buttertly, 
.!  tide  of  civ- 

d  \h{'  Roclcy 
i<iuiries  from 

ivoa  llici'u  luiit;. 


there;  one  has  not  seen  it  and  says  it  must  be  rare  or  local  if  there  at  all ;  the  has  occa- 
sionally noticed  a  Picris.  but  took  it  to  be  P.  oh raaa  (K.  S.  Williams)  ;  the    other,  Mr. 

F.  W.  Anderson,  savs  he  saw  none  iu  ISSo,  one  in  1881  and  another  in  1880. 

North  of  the  l)ountlary,  according   to  the  report  of  a  four  years'  resident,  the 
insect  has  not  yet  reached  Kegina  (N.  II.  Cowdry). 

A  few  words  only  will  sutlice  for  all  later  atatislics.  In  1885  it  is  recorded  from  Du- 
luth,  at  the  western  end  of  Lake  Superior  ( W.  IF.  Edwards)  ;  and  ]\[r.  David  Bruce,  who 
has  spent  the  last  thri'e  sunmiers  in  Colorado  and  has  closely  watched  all  white  ,„  _  „ 
butterHies  on  the  search  for  some  of  the  rarer  foi-ms,  met  with  J',  raiiae  for  the  first 
time  in  188(5,  seeing  a  dozen  specimens  about  Denver  ])etween  August  and  October.  In 
this  same  yeai'  it  apparently  made  its  lirst  advent  into  the  eastern  half  of  FIcM'ida.  En- 
quiries, last  autumn,  of  several  (■ntoniologists  residing  tiiere,  ^[essrs.  Ashmead  at  Jackson- 
ville, Hubbard  at  Crescent  City,  Mead  and  Chase  in  Oi'ange  Co.,  elicited  the  unifoi-r.i 
response  that  the  bulterlly  had  not  reached  there;  Init  Dr.  J.  M.  Wheaton  of  Colum- 
bus, Ohio,  wi'ites  me  that  he  o])tained  a  single  Itattei'ed  specimen  about  the  first  of 
April,  188G,  while  on  a  visit  to  Jacksonville.  Thcie  is  probably,  therefore,  no  state  in 
the  Union,  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  where  it  does  not  occur,  though  it  has  not  been 
reported,  to  my  knowledge,  from  Mississippi,  Louisiana  or  Arkansas.  It  is  hardly  pos- 
sible that  it  has  not  coveied  nearly  or  i[uite  the  whole  of  each,  though  ^[r.  H.  d'Ailly  of 
Malvern,  Arkansas,  writes  me  that  it  has  not  yet  reached  that  place  in  the  centi'e  of  the 
state. 

If  now  we  examii'M  the  map  upon  which  these  statements  have  been  represented,  we 
shall  be  struck,  I  think,  by  two  or  three  |)rincii)al  points;  1.  The  moi'c;  rapid  spread 
of  the  butterfly,  at  fii'st,  toward  the  east  and  southeast  until  it  reachi'd  the  sea,  rather 
than  toward  the  southwi'st  along  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  2.  The  comi)ara- 
tively  small  amount  of  hindrance  mountainous  and  elevated  countries  seem  to  have  pre- 
sented in  the  early  part  of  its  career;  indeed,  if  the  first  record  of  its  appearance  in 
East  Tennessi'e  is  ct)rri'ct  (and  we  have  excellent  authority  for  it)  these  would  seem  in 
the  warmer  latitudes  to  have  offered  a  distinct  highway  for  the  movements  of  the  army, 


Avhich  the  curves  for   187-1-1877  are  meant  to  show. 


The  favorable  intiuenee  of 


cobmies  on  the  spread  of  the  _.esl  with  the  single  exception  of  that  at  Omaha.  4. 
The  excessively  ra|)id,  forwai'd  movement  towai'd  the  west  and  southwi'st  as  soon  as  the 
Valley  of  the  Mississippi  is  reached;  compare,  for  Instance,  the  five  years'  advance  from 
Cincinnati,  Ohio,  to  Lawrence,  Kansas,  or  to  liastrop,  Texas,  and  the  otherwise  ra[)id 
five  years  from  central  New  York  to  western  Ohio,  or  the  five  years  it  took  to  cover 
thi  "^<}W  England  states,  't.  The  natural  limit  to  its  southei-n  extension,  as  shown 
by  the  fact  that  it  can  hardly  maintain  itself  at  Apalaehicola  and  has  not  pushed  its 
way  into  the  peninsula  of  Florida  Ijeyond,  hardly  to,  Jacksonville,  although  it  has  for 
ten  years  been  within  what  would  elsewhere  be  not  more  than  a  year's  flight  away. 

It  may  here  be  mentioni'd,  as  a  fact  noted  by  every  one  who  has  studied  buttei-flies 
and  by  many  others,  that  as  fast  and  as  fai-  as  Puriti  ra/ntf  has  spread,  it  has  almost 
exterminated  the  native  white  buttx'rflies,  bt)th  the  southein  cabhage  butterfly,  Ponlia 
pfotiHlia',\\\w\\  is  itself  luu'mful,  and  Piiris  olenicca,  which  is  compai-atively  innocuous. 
It  is  also  observed  that  the  see  jud  year  after  the  advent  ol'  P.  rapae  is  the  one  iu  which 


1 


66 


samuf:l  h.  scudder  on  the  spread 


it  is  most  nnmei'oiis  and  does  the  most  damaj^e.     Tts  jiarasites  then  follow  it  up  and  its 
injuries,  th(>u;;li  still  sofious.  are  hv  no  means  so  alarming. 

I  have  purposely  retrained  from  mentioning  hitlierto  the  fact  that,  in  the  o])inion  of 
some  entomologists,  l*ien'.'<  rapae  is  indigenous  to  the  Paeitic  coast  of  America,  or 
at  least  has  been  known  there  for  fully  a  quarter  of  a  century  and  no  one  knows  how 
much  longer.  Specimens  were  first  brought  east  by  ^[r.  A.  Agassiz  in  IS.!!).  It  is  well 
known  that  the  buttertlies  (not  to  mention  other  animals)  of  the  Pacific  coast  are  more 
nearly  allied  to  those  of  the  Old  World  than  are  the  buttcrllies  east  of  the  Rocky  Mts.; 
and  therefore,  to  one  regarding  these  western  Pieiids  as  identical  with  I*,  rapae,  they 
may  well  be  looked  upon  as  autochthonous,  inasnmch  as  in  the  Old  World  P.  rapae  ex- 
tends from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  from  Great  Uritaiu  and  Iiarl)ary  to  Kamtschatka 
and  Japan.  In  his  elaborate  ])ai)er  on  the  Americun  forms  of  I'iei'is  allied  to  P. 
napi  of  Europe  (Papilio  i.  8;J-9i),  pi.  2-3),  Mr.  AV.  H.  Edwards  has  argued  that  all 
the  American  species  of  Pieris  (as  I  have  limited  it)  which  do  not  l)elong  to  the  Euro- 
pean P.  rapae,  are  to  be  classed  with  the  European  P.  nap!,  and  in  his  last  catalogue  he 
has  so  arranged  them,  excepting  that  for  some  unaccountable  reason  he  sei)arates  as  a 
distinct  s])eeies  P.  virglniensis,  wh'xeh  he  himself  stated  three  years  earlier  had  given  birth 
in  Mr.  Mead's  breeding  experiments  to  the  form  oleracea. 

This  is  not  the  place  for  the  discussion  of  atiinitics,  so  I  can  only  here  express  my 
])resent  dissent  from  the  conclusions  of  Mr.  Edwaids,  maiidy  upon  the  very  grounds  set 
forth  in  his  paper,  in  which  I  think  he  has  confounded  two  distinct  species.  !My  own  be- 
lief is  that  we  have  in  America,  in  addition  to  the  inti-oduced  /'.  rapae,  two  distinct  aii- 
tochthcmous  species,  each  of  which  shows  seasonal  dimoridiism  similar  to  that  of  /*. 
rapae,  and  at  least  one  of  them  some  marked  geograi)hioal  races.  One  species,  gener- 
ally known  as  /'.  oleracea,  covers  the  continent  from  ocean  to  ocean  and  I'eaches  from 
Alaska  and  Labrador  to  Central  Calilbrnia,  Colorado  and  A'irgiiiia.  It  has  been  de- 
scribed under  many  different  names,  such  as  casta,  crnciferarum,marginalis,  frigida,  hulda, 
and  virginiensis,  besides  several  varietal  designations.  As  a  general  rule  it  has  no  spots 
upon  the  upper  surface,  though  these  sometimes  appear,  ])rol)al)ly  by  reversion.  The 
other  8|)eeies,  I\  veiio.sa,  has  been  hardly  less  tormented  with  appellations,  having  i)eci> 
also  christened  pallida,  yreka,castoria,  nasturtii,  resedae  and  ibei'idis.  It  is  found  along 
the  Pacific  const  from  central  Califbi'uia  to  liritish  Columbia  at  least  as  far  as  Lat.  52"  N. 
It  is  closely  allied  to  and  may  be  said  to  represent  P.  iiapl  in  this  e  mntry.  It  is,  how- 
ever, as  distinct  from  P.  napi  as  /*.  tiajii  is  from  /*.  rapae,  and  the  oidy  logical  outcome 
from  the  position  assumed  b}'  ^[r.  Edwards  is,  in  my  opinion,  to  consider  all  these  species 
of  Pieris, — ra])ae,  mipi,  oleracea  and  venosa,  as  different  foi-ms  of  one  species.  It  mat- 
ters little  whether  they  are  looke  1  at  in  this  light  or  as  distinct  species,  for  they  undoubt- 
edly came  from  the  same  stock.  The  only  claim  I  woidd  make  is  that  if  /*.  rapae  and 
P.  napi  are  distinct  species,  as  they  are  universally  considered  in  Europe,  then  the 
American  species,  previous  to  the  introduction  of  /'.  rapae  into  eastern  Canada,  were  dis- 
tinct from  the  European  and  from  each  other.  That  certain  forms  of  each  of  them,  and 
(^speeially  of  P.  renosa,  might  readily  be  taken  (as  has  I)een  done)  for  /'.  rapae  is  un- 
(piestioiuible,  and  it  is  possible  that  tiie  species,  seen  in  1S81  and  again  in  18S(i  at  (Ireat 
Falls  and  the  Belt  Mts.,  ^[ontana,  was  P.  venoaa,  so  marked.     I  have  accordingly  cov- 


OF  PIERIS  RAPAE  IN  NORTH  AMERICA. 


67 


it  up  and  its 

ic  ()i)inion  of 
Amei'ica,  or 

knows  how 
1.  It  is  well 
1st  are  more 
Itocky  Mts. ; 

rapae,  they 
^.  rapae  ex- 
Lumtschatka 
allied  to  P. 
ned  that  all 
()  the  Euro- 
•atalogne  he 
pa rates  as  a 
1  yiven  birth 

express  my 

<?ronnds  set 

^ly  own  be- 

distinet  au- 

1  that  of  r. 

■eies,  gener- 

eaehes  from 

>s  been  de- 

^ida.hulda, 

>as  no  spots 

reion.     The 

laving  beei» 

uund  along 

Lat.  52»N. 

It  is,  how- 

[■al  onteoine 

lese  speeies 

s.     It  mat- 

y  undonbt- 

rujme  and 
,  then  the 
a,  were  dis- 
f  them,  and 
apae  is  un- 
■^0  at  Great 
lingly  cov- 


ered ihe  area  upon  tlie  map  over  whieh  P.  rmosa  is  known  to  extend  with  close  cross  rul- 
ing, and  that  which  i(  may  |)r()l)ably  als(»  occupy  with  more  open  ruling.  It  will  thcieby 
be  seen  that  the  introduced  /*.  ra/xit-  is  rapidly  progrt'ssing  t')ward  its  near  of  kin.  It 
may  well  he  believed  that  if  J*,  rnjit/t'  has  in  the  last  five  years  crossed  ihe  high  plains 
of  Kansas  and  Nebraska  on  its  westwai'd  march,  as  it  has  done,  the  butterfly  considered 
by  Mr.  AV.  II.  Etlwards  and  others  as  Pliris  rn/xic,  which  has  been  on  the  Pacific  coast 
since  lS~)i),  would,  in  rnoi-e  than  a  quailer  of  a  century,  if  it  were  /\  rapiif,  certainly  have 
extended  eastwai-(l  across  the  less  ai'id  country  along  the  northern  boundary  of  the  United 
States  to  a  ])!'(tj)i)rti()nal)ly  longer  distance. — which  it  certainly  has  not  done.  It  there- 
fore fail-*  in  one  characteristic  of  that  ravenous  and  di'stiau'tive  si)ecies.  It  should  be 
added  that  the  oidy  I'orms  eonsidei-ed  by  any  one  as  identical  with  P.  mpae  are  those 
descriln'd  by  myself  as  P.  iiHu-f/iiid/is  and  by  Mr.  Rcakirt  as  /*.  >/ri'kf(.  They  came 
from  California,  Oregon  and  AVashington  Territory. 

AVith  regard  to  the  nature  of  the  documentary  evidence  a  few  words  may  be  said. 
One  would  expect  tliat  inneh  might  be  learned  from  agricultural  and  horticultural  jour- 
nals abont  the  movements  of  the  butterlly.  l)Ut  a  great  amount  of  tinu>  has  here  been 
wasted  in  vain  search;  very  little  was  to  be  f)un(l  and  that  little  generally  so  vaguely 
stated  as  to  be  valueless.  Direct  en  piiry  has  been  almost  the  sole  resource  of  vaitu'  after 
the  entomological  journals,  and  esi)ccially  the  pages  of  the  Canadian  Entomologist. 

In  the  mass  of  information  received  from  xcvy  various  quarters  in  re])ly  to  my  circular 
of  in(piiry.  it  has  of  couisc  bciMi  impossible  to  wi'igh  the  evidence  for  exactly  what  it  was 
Avorth.  iSome  of  it,  as  was  to  be  expccti'd,  had  to  be  thrown  out  altogether  as  coming 
from  those  who  were  not  sulliciently  ol)servant  to  have  distinguished  between  the  new 
])est  and  its  allies,  also  destructive  to  cabbages.  To  adopt  iiuliscriminately  all  the  data 
olfered  would  lead  to  a  chaotic  result:  we  should  l)e  obliged  for  instance  to  say  that  the 
butterlly  appeared  in  Ohio  in  IStJo,  when  it  had  only  that  yeai'  crossed  the  northern  bor- 
der of  New  England;  or  that  it  ivached  central  Illinois  in  1871  or  1872,  or  even  in 
LSiliJ)  when  it  'lad  not  yet  Ihmmi  borne  across  the  ocean;  or  that  it  appeared  in  (reorgia 
in  1802  and  was  abundant  i.uie  in  18()(),  some  ten  years  before  its  time.  ISIore  possibly 
correct  is  the  nearly  accoi'dant  testimony  of  no  less  than  three  rcportei-s,  whose  judgment 
I  have  no  means  of  ti-sting;  they  agree  in  giving  18()1  or  ISO.")  as  the  date  ol"  the  first 
appearance  of  the  butterlly  in  eastern  Pennsylvania  and  a  fourth  relers  to  it  hesitatingly, 
])erhaps  as  a  nuitter  of  re])oit;  it  is  possible  that  it  might  have  been  brought  across  the 
ocean  dii'eet  to  IMiiladelphia  at  that  datt',  but  as  it  did  not  attract  the  atti'ution  of  other 
entomologists  in  and  about  Philadeli)hia  or  make  its  impi-ession  on  the  country  around, 
the  supposition  is  rendered  highly  imprctbabh';  uov  do  the  facts  given  above  regarding  its 
spread  about  New  York  lead  ns  to  admit  that  it  reached  that  city  from  Philadelphia. 
It  is  far  easier  to  sui)i)ose  either  that  a  mistake  was  made  by  each  observei"  in  the  spe- 
cies concerned,  or  that  the  memory  was  at  f  nit, —  all  these  statements  coming  to  me  in 
answer  to  my  encpiiries  last  autumn;  ncme  of  them  are  printed  records.  The  point  may 
perhaps  be  best  solved  by  entomologists  of  that  region,  if  they  wish  to  follow  ituj);  iu 
whi(!h  case  the  dc>tails  in  my  possession  will  be  fiuaiished  to  any  competent  pei'son. 

I  have  not  mentioned  above  a  ri'port  made  to  me  by  an  entomologist,  Mr.  George 
Bowles,  whose  si»eeialty  is  Coleojtera,  who  states  that  when  on  a  natnial  history  l^xpe- 


T 


.. —      TTTHiimg 


^m^t^'i^KAy  '•'*^!'»|!.;.,, 


■riffli-- 


G8 


SAMUEL  H.  SCUDDER  ON  THE  SPllEAl) 


clltioii  to  the  West  Indies  and  Sonth  Americi).  he  passed  two  days  at  the  Island  of  Do- 
minica, and  there  "observed  the  Initterlly  [P.  rapae]  alon^  tlie  edges  of  tlie  canefields 
and  in  many  parts  of  the  town  (Roseau),andI  was  tohl,it  lived  npon  the  mnstard  plant." 
This  is  an  extract  from  his  jonrnal  of  Febrnary  2.'i,  1884.  In  a  snl)seqnent  letter  he  states 
that  he  is  quite  confident  of  his  identification  of  the  butterfiy  as  it  was  very  nuineroiis 
and  he  had  "  paid  i)articular  attention  to  it  in  this  count  ry  "  from  his  interest  in  it  through 
his  cousin  Mr.  G.  J.  Bowles,  -who  first  l)rought  it  to  notice  in  the  Canadian  Naturalist. 
Unfortunately  all  his  collections,  possibly  including  specimens  of  the  butterfly  seen,  were 
lost  by  an  accident  on  the  Magazine  River,  Britisli  Guiana.  Mr.  Bowles  gave  me  the 
addresses  of  persons  in  the  Antilles  wlio,  he  thouglit,  might  oI)tnin  specimens  for  me,  and 
I  have  received  replies  from  them,  but  as  yet  no  autoptic  evidence  that  P.  rapae  exists 
there,  nor  indeed  anything  to  corr()])orate  Mr.  Bowles"  belief,  excepting  from  (jue  gentle- 
man who  writes:  "I  have  an  idea  I  have  seen  the  butterfiy  you  menti(m,  but  am  not  cer- 
tain."    Enquiries  are  not  yet  closed,  however. 

In  conclusion,  it  may  be  remarked  that  tlie  definite  setting  down  of  territorial  limits  to 
each  year's  spread  will  naturally  raise  the  question  in  the  mind  of  every  lepidopterist 
who  examines  the  map,  whether  it  rightly  interprets  the  matter  for  the  ground  with  which 
he  is  familiar.  I  beg  therefore  to  ask  those  who  see  reason  to  question  the  accui'acy  of 
the  lines  at  any  point  kindly  to  give  me  the  benefit  of  their  l)etter  knowledge,  by  exact 
and  detailed  statements;  and,  where  possible,  founded  on  something  better  than  memory. 
Should  a  sufficient  number  of  important  divergences  come  to  light,  I  Avill  make  thera 
public  in  a  formal  statement.  It  may  be  stated,  in  a  general  way,  that  the  lines  are  more 
conjectui'al  in  the  southern  states  than  elsewhere,  owing  to  the  paucity  of  observations. 


BlULlOGUAPUY. 


1.  BowKEs,  G.  J.     On  the  occurrence  of  Pieris  rapae  in  Canada.     Can.  Xat.  n.  a.  \, 

2o8-2()2.   8"  [Montreal,  18(U.     Separate,  pp.  4. 

2.  Ritchie,  A.  S.     Notes  on  the  small  caljbage  butterfly,  Pieris  rapae.    Can.  JV^at.  n. 

s.  HI,  20.3-300.    8"  Montreal,  18(57.     Separate,  pp.  7." 

3.  ]SrixoT,  C.  S.     Cabbage  butterflies.    Am.  Ent.  ir,  7()-77.    8"  St.  Louis,  1870. 

4.  Fitch,  Asa.     Cabbage  worm   or   turnip   buttei-fly.     IfHh  Jtcp.  JSfox.  Ins.  JV.   T. 

(Ann.  Rep.  St.  Agric.  Soc.,)  543-."^()3.    8"  Albany,  1870. 

5.  RiLKY,  C.  V.     Cabbage  worms.    2d  Ami.  Rvp.  St.  Entom.  Missouri,  104-110.   8" 
Jefferson  City,  1870. 

BoAVLKS,  G.  J.     Notes  on  Pieris  rajiac.    Can.  Enf.,  iv,  102-105.  8",  London,  1872. 
Betiiune,  C.  J.  S.     Insects  affecting  the  cabbage.    Itpp.  Enf.  Soc.  Ont.,  1871,  82- 
88.    8"  Toronto,  1872. 
8.  PactvAkd,  a.  S.    The  imported  cabbage  catcriiillar  and  its  parasite.   2nd  Ann.  Rep. 

TiiJ.  Ins.  Mass.,  8-11.     S"  Boston,  1872. 
0.  Betiiune,  C.  J.  S.     Cab])age  bulterfiie.s.     Can.  Ent.,  v,  il-iS.   8" London,  1873. 
10.  Saiixdeils,  W.     The  English  cabbage  butterfly,   ii'e^;.  Ent.  Soc.  Out.,  1875,  31-32. 
8"  Toronto,  187G. 


0. 

7. 


OV  FIKHIS  HAPAK  IN  XOHTII  AMKHICA. 


69 


11.  Wam-on,  Amck  B.     Tho  UL-w  (•al)l)a-c'  buttecny.  Read  before  the  Muscatine  Acad- 

emy of  Science,  Nov.  :},  1S7!».     1  p.  4"  n.  p.,  n.  d. 

12.  HoFFMEiSTKR,  A.  AV.     Report  on  noxions  insects.      Tra»s.  Io„m  Ilort.  S»c     viv 

H2.     S"  [Muscatine,  1S7JK  ''  ' 

l;i  WlTTE.^  F.  M.     Notes  on  Pieris  rapae  Schrani<.    Pro.:  Muse.   ArwI.  .S..,  April 

5,  18S0.    2  i)p.  II.  p.,  n.  d. 
U.   Waf/pov,  ALtCK   H.     Tiie  cal)l)a,-.,  enemy  and  remedies.     Trans.  In,oa  Hort    Sor 

XIV,  2.3-24.    S"  Muscatine,  n.  .1. 
15.  Thomas,  C     Cabba-e  insects.    .'Hh  Rp.  St.  Eat.  III.,  7-50.    8-  Springtield,  J8S0. 
lb.  JJODGE,  Ct.  :\r.     The  cabbage  I)ntterHy,  Pieris  rapae,  in  Nebraska.  U,n.  E„t.  Sor 

O//^.  1882,  ;}()-:$ I.     8' Toronto,  188.3.  ^     -  ^ -o.. 

17.  FoiiHES,  S.  A.     Exi.eriments  with  the  Enropeau  cabbage  worm.   VMh  Ren   St  Fat 

lll.,SSl-Ti.     8' Springfield,  1883. 

18.  RrLEV,  C.  V.     C;ibl)age  worm^.    A,ia.  R-p.  [J.  S.  Ca^u  .  Aari,:,  1883,  107-138 

8"  Washington,  1883. 


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